Adjectives bring a noun to life. Adverbs do the same for verbs.

Suppose that same police officer from earlier asked you to describe how your assailant attacked you. It could have been:

Quickly, Slowly, Sneakily, Deliberately, Methodically

A lot of adverbs are formed by talking an adjective and adding an 'ly' to the end.

One adjective that often gets misused, especially in TV and Movies, is 'quick':

"Come quick!"

If you're trying to say something about a verb like 'come' then you need the adverb, which is 'quickly':

"Come quickly!"

Though if someone needs you urgently, they're probably not in the mood to be corrected on the subtle differences between the adjective and the adverb.

Good is an adjective. Well is in adverb. Adjectives say something about the noun/pronoun, remember, and they usually go before the noun or pronoun. Adverbs say something about the verb and usually come after the verb. So:

The man done well

And not:

The man done good

Think of it like this:

The good man done well

Although, this is also correct:

"Did the man do bad work?"
"No, he did good."

But it's only correct because the noun's missing at the end.

This started out in Old English as ne-a-whit, which translates as 'not ever thing' or 'nothing whatsoever'. Then it did this:

ne-a-whit -> na-whit -> nawt -> not

In French, you express the negation with ne pas. Around the 10th century, it used to be just ne without the pas. But that was thought to be not emphatic enough. For example:

Do you want sprouts?

No (a timid no)

Absolutely not! (an emphatic no)

If you really hated Brussel sprouts in 10th century France, there was no way to say 'Absolutely not!'. You could say 'not' but you'd probably end up with the sprouts as you weren't being emphatic enough. Then the 'pas' came in and - voila! no sprouts.

However, there were a few contenders to the throne of pas. Instead of ne pas you could say:

Instead, they went with ne pas - not a step, as in 'not a step further with those Brussel sprouts'.